Kesubos, Chapter 4, Mishnah 1. This mishnah discusses the fine and the other damage payments that come about on account of a na'arah (a girl between twelve and twelve and a half) who was seduced or raped: in which circumstances these payments go to her father, and in which circumstances they are hers.
"Na'arah shenispatesah":
A na'arah who was seduced - these are the payments made on her account:
Boshes - the money paid for the humiliation.
Pegam - the depreciation in her value.
Kenas - the fine of fifty shekels.
Tza'ar - the pain, for which there is a claim, and it is stated regarding a tefusah (another term for an anusah, a girl who was raped).
All of these go to her father.
Standing in judgment during the father's lifetime:
The mishnah says: "Amad badin ad shelo mes ha'av - harei hen shel av" - that is, if they came to beis din and beis din ruled that the offender is obligated to pay, and this happened during the father's lifetime, the money belongs to the father. Even if the funds have not yet been collected from the offender, the very fact that the matter was adjudicated in beis din makes it the father's money.
Therefore the mishnah continues: "Mes ha'av - harei hen shel achin" - those same funds, even when they are collected after his death, belong to the brothers, since they became part of the father's estate.
By contrast: "Lo hispikah la'amod badin ad shemes ha'av - harei hen shel atzmah". If they never reached beis din, and the ruling that the offender is obligated was made only after the father's death, the money is hers. It did not become part of the father's assets at the time of his passing, but rather remained pending, and therefore she receives it.
Standing in judgment before she reached adulthood:
"Amad badin ad shelo bagrah - harei hen shel av" - if they came to beis din and it was ruled that the offender is obligated to pay, and this happened while she was still a na'arah and under her father's authority, the money goes to the father. And from here: "Mes ha'av - harei hen shel achin", for it became part of the estate and the brothers inherit it.
"Lo hispikah la'amod badin ad shebagrah - harei hen shel atzmah" - if they came to beis din only after she became a bogeres and was no longer a na'arah, the money is hers, since the determination of the offender's obligation takes place at a time when she is under her own authority.
The view of Rabbi Shimon:
Rabbi Shimon draws the distinction differently from the first Tanna: the matter does not depend on standing in judgment and on the ruling of beis din, but rather on the actual collection. If the money was not collected from the offender before the father died, and the collection takes place after his death, the money is hers. The mere ruling of beis din that the offender is obligated does not remove the money from the father's possession.
Her earnings and her found object:
The mishnah concludes: "Ma'aseh yadeha u'metziasah, af al pi shelo gavsah - mes ha'av harei hen shel achin". If she did work and earned money, or she found a lost object, even though she has not yet collected these funds, they go to the father. And once the father dies, since they had already come to him, they go to the brothers - for this is money over which the father has actual control, since as long as she is a na'arah he acquires her earnings and the money she earns. For that reason it is considered as though it had already become his, and upon his death it passes to the brothers.
The Gemara's precise reading:
The Gemara clarifies that the phrase "af al pi shelo gavsah" does not fit the term "metziasah" alongside which it appears. It fits her earnings - work that she did for which she has not yet collected her wages from her employer; but with a found object, as long as she has not found it, there is no collection here at all.
Rather, the mishnah's intent in placing the two together is to equate a found object with her earnings: just as a found object that she found during her father's lifetime goes to the father, while one that she found after his death goes to her and the brothers have no claim to it - so too with her earnings: during her father's lifetime her work goes to her father, and after his death it is hers, and the brothers have no claim to it.